Cuba: The dominant wing of the bureaucratic caste is bent on capitalist restoration
On Javier Gómez Sánchez’s article
| Diaz-Canel and Raúl Castro |
Foremost among these differences is the question of Cuba’s social character. Gómez Sánchez describes Cuba as “a socialist country”, its economy as “a socialist economy”, and the Fidelista base as “communist”. I do not agree with any of these contradictory characterisations.
Cuba is neither a socialist nor a communist society, but a bureaucratically degenerated workers’ state.
In Cuba, as in all Stalinist regimes, there is a privileged bureaucratic caste that dominates the upper echelons not only of the intertwined state and party apparatuses but also of public enterprises. Its housing, access to consumer goods, the education of its children, and access to healthcare and scarce resources—in short, its way of life—are markedly different from those of the broad masses of workers and working people. This inequality has become much more visible, particularly over the past fifteen years, as large sections of the population have been driven into deep poverty and deprivation.
| The economic situation of the broad masses in Cuba is extremely dire. |
This was precisely the historical alternative Trotsky had posed for the Soviet Union from the 1930s onwards: either the working class would overthrow the bureaucracy through a political revolution and restore workers’ democracy or, failing that, the bureaucracy would ultimately pave the way for the restoration of capitalism.
What makes Gómez Sánchez’s article particularly important from my standpoint is that it provides valuable insider information about how far developments in Cuba have advanced towards the second of these possibilities.
The author describes how, following the reforms initiated under Raúl Castro in 2011, the emerging strata of private entrepreneurs have steadily grown stronger, become integrated with the state bureaucracy and technocracy, and developed into a political force. He argues that these groups have gained considerable influence within state structures and within the Cuban Communist Party itself.
More importantly, he offers a periodisation. According to Gómez Sánchez, the period between the debates preceding the 2008 reforms and the discussions over the 2019 Constitution was when resistance within the National Assembly to the advance of capitalism was at its strongest. Thereafter, business-owning deputies and the bureaucratic layers supporting them became increasingly influential.
Taking Gómez Sánchez’s periodisation as a starting point, one can draw an analogy that he himself does not make: Cuba’s 2019 could be its equivalent of the Soviet Union’s 1985.
This, of course, does not mean that the histories of the two countries are identical. In 1985, however, capitalist restoration had not yet emerged within the Soviet bureaucracy as an explicit and fully developed programme. The balance of forces within the bureaucracy was shifting, and those sections advocating a turn towards the market and private property were beginning to take the political initiative. Within a few years, increasingly broad sections of the party–state apparatus became direct agents of restoration.
If the picture drawn by Gómez Sánchez is accurate, Cuba too is crossing a threshold of a similar character.
From this standpoint, the recently adopted package of 176 measures for “economic and social transformation” is of major significance. According to Gómez Sánchez, these include the legalisation of private banking, the sale of fuel by the private sector, the liquidation of loss-making state enterprises and the privatisation of their infrastructure, the conversion of public enterprises into joint-stock companies, and their takeover by private entities.
Considered alongside the accumulation of private capital over the past fifteen years and the integration of the bureaucracy with these new economic forces, these measures make it increasingly difficult to speak merely of the limited and temporary use of market mechanisms. The floodgates are being opened for the transformation of bureaucratic privilege into private property.
Another important aspect of Gómez Sánchez’s article is the role of the party–state apparatus in this process.
According to Gómez Sánchez, in Cuba -just as in the Stalinist regimes of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe- economists who favour capitalist restoration, private entrepreneurs, and circles associated with them are finding ever greater support within the state and party apparatus. By contrast, voices opposing the capitalist transformation are increasingly being silenced in the official media.
These claims, of course, require further investigation. But the fundamental question is now clear:
Is the dominant wing of the bureaucracy that governs Cuba ceasing to be a caste whose social position rests on state property and becoming instead the political instrument through which that property is transformed into its own private property and that of the emerging new bourgeoisie?
The answer given by Gómez Sánchez’s article is clearly “yes”.
The metaphor Gómez Sánchez uses at the end of his article is particularly striking. In his view, the fundamental change in Cuba is that those who still hold political power no longer hold economic power:
“The ringmaster is no longer the owner of the circus.”
I think this metaphor needs to be reformulated somewhat differently:
Those running the circus now want to hold the title deed to it as well!
This, then, is the central issue facing Cuba in the period ahead. Will the bureaucratic caste succeed in transforming the political power it has held for decades into the class rule of a new property-owning bourgeoisie? Or will the Cuban working class and working people be able to emerge as an independent political force against both US imperialism and capitalist restoration?
From a Leninist standpoint, an optimistic answer to this question does not appear possible. In the absence of a revolutionary vanguard organisation of the working class, spontaneous struggles may produce important and even explosive upheavals, but they cannot develop a coherent programme against capitalist restoration or constitute an alternative political power. Under present conditions, unfortunately, there is no organised force in Cuba capable of leading the working class in the struggle to reverse the process of capitalist restoration.