Brezhnev’s final months:
The scandal in Baku (2)
PART 1 | PART 2
| A scene from the official welcoming ceremony in Baku in 1982. |
The talk of “historic days” surrounding an empty official
visit, the displays of national dancing, the flag-waving crowds lined up for
miles along the route, and the exaggerated protocol more befitting the visit of
a foreign head of state - all this was far more than the product of a tasteless
fondness for ostentation. The real aim was to make oneself visible to the
ageing leader in decline by offering up loyalty through the most extravagant
gestures, to score points against rivals - including by eclipsing another
Soviet republic regarded as a rival, even an enemy - and to consolidate one’s
political standing and privileges in Moscow’s eyes. Among senior Stalinist
officials, competition for office, influence and bureaucratic privilege,
together with the intrigues that accompanied it, was one of the regime’s
enduring features.
Aliyev, as a Stalinist political operator who knew the rules
of this game all too well, squandered the country’s resources in order to stage
a political spectacle that was lavish in form but utterly impoverished in
substance.
The tragic thing was this: everyone, according to his place in the hierarchy, played his allotted part in this charade, more or less well. But by the early 1980s, very few people were left in the Soviet Union who still took part in it with any genuine belief. Just think of those who repeatedly broke into thunderous applause for a leader who could barely even read the text placed in front of him. Do you suppose there was even a single person among them who sincerely believed that what was being said truly deserved such applause, and that there was nothing - to put it mildly - odd about the whole spectacle?
| Video footage from Brezhnev’s 1982 visit to Baku. Click on the image to watch the video. |
On the other hand, there was another side to the coin. Stalinist bureaucrats at the head of the Soviet republics could, amid the arbitrariness of a repressive police-state regime, find themselves exposed to risks that were sometimes more or less foreseeable and at other times wholly unexpected. Moreover, such risks could at times have devastating consequences.
An anecdote recounted by the journalist Murat Yetkin in his book Meraklısı İçin Entrikalar Kitabı (A Book of Intrigues for the Curious), in connection with Brezhnev’s 1982 visit to Baku, allows us to see the other side of the coin. Aliyev told Yetkin, during the latter’s years at NTV, how Brezhnev’s 1982 visit to Baku had placed both him and his family in a dangerous situation. What Aliyev told Yetkin reveals the world of fear, panic and intrigue that lay behind this spectacle, which Chernyaev had observed from his own vantage point at the summit of the Kremlin bureaucracy.
Yetkin relates the story in his book as follows:
(…) Brezhnev decided to pay a visit to Azerbaijan.
In fact, this was a trip for which Aliyev had long been lobbying; the Soviet leader was to come not to Armenia, but once again to Azerbaijan, even though he had already visited it before.
But the decision came at a moment when Moscow was in turmoil.
When the plane from Moscow landed in Baku on 24 September 1982, an even more alarming picture emerged: Brezhnev’s health had deteriorated badly, and he had all but turned into a living corpse.
Aliyev’s wife, Zarifa, was an ophthalmologist, a physician. The moment she saw Brezhnev coming down the steps of the plane, she whispered in Aliyev’s ear: “Get rid of him at once - send him back. He mustn’t die here.”
Aliyev was thunderstruck.
The visit had in fact been planned to last a week, but Aliyev was hoping to stretch it out to ten days, thereby enhancing his standing in Moscow; sending Brezhnev back immediately was out of the question.
But if Brezhnev were to die in Baku, Aliyev could hardly explain it away either by pointing to his age - he was already over eighty [*] - or to the disastrous state of his health. Yuri Andropov, then head of the KGB and later to become leader of the Soviet Union, was his patron, but Aliyev had many enemies in Moscow, not least because he had risen to the top from a Muslim republic. In the intrigue-ridden world of the Kremlin, he would have been held directly responsible for Brezhnev’s death, perhaps even branded an enemy of the people and punished with the utmost severity.
“I began by shortening the programme,” Aliyev recalled in his bunker, furnished like some prehistoric cave. Using Brezhnev’s steadily worsening health as a pretext, he had managed, little by little, to cut the visit in half. Each passing day worked against him.
At last, the day of departure came. Brezhnev and his wife were seen off onto the plane at Baku Airport; farewells were waved, and the aircraft took off. But the Aliyev family did not return home. They remained at the airport.
As Brezhnev’s plane was taking off, another aircraft had already moved into position at the end of the runway and was waiting there with its engines running.
It was a military aircraft kept ready to spirit the Aliyev family off to Turkey.
For the Aliyevs, Brezhnev’s flight from Baku to Moscow must have felt endless. For if the Soviet leader were to die on the journey back, all fingers would once again be pointed at Aliyev, and he would be accused of plotting Brezhnev’s assassination. (…)
At last, a message arrived from one of Abid Sharifov’s men stationed at Moscow Airport: “They landed safely.” Reassured by this news, they still did not return home, but continued to wait at the airport. A second message then came through, saying that the Brezhnevs had entered the official residence in Moscow; only then was responsibility no longer the Azerbaijanis’.
“We breathed a sigh of relief,” Aliyev said. “Only then did we return home. Otherwise, we were off to Turkey.”
Aliyev - who had worked for years for the Soviet secret police, the KGB, slipping secretly into Trabzon, Erzurum and who knows where else on espionage missions, and who had gone on to serve on the twelve-member Politburo, [**] the Soviet Union’s highest ruling body - found himself reduced to making plans to seek refuge in Turkey, fearing that if Brezhnev were to die of natural causes, he would nevertheless be accused of being involved in a murder plot. (Murat Yetkin, Meraklısı İçin Entrikalar Kitabı, Doğan Kitap, 7th edn, October 2017, Istanbul, pp. 200-202)
Brezhnev’s condition during his visit to Baku was, in fact, something of a metaphor for the state of the Soviet Union at the time. There was a leader who was physically struggling even to remain on his feet, and around him a vast bureaucracy constantly manoeuvring to preserve the status quo, its own position and its material privileges.
That a powerful figure like Aliyev - with a KGB background and having risen all the way to the Politburo - could feel so vulnerable in the face of the mere possibility that an elderly and gravely ill leader might die of natural causes while visiting his republic is particularly significant, because it reveals the climate of mistrust that prevailed among senior bureaucrats.
Perhaps the most ironic aspect of the story is that, in his desperation, Aliyev thought of Turkey as a safe haven. For years, he had conducted intelligence operations against Turkey, regarding it as an “ideological enemy” and a field of operations. Yet this former KGB general and senior Soviet bureaucrat, at his moment of greatest peril, imagined Turkey as a way out. Aliyev’s confession, made years later, is especially instructive in that it shows how, in the final period of the Stalinist regime in the Soviet Union, fear and hypocrisy, spectacle and paranoia, were intertwined at the very summit of the bureaucracy.
[*] Murat Yetkin describes Brezhnev at that point as “over eighty”; however, Brezhnev was born in 1906. He was therefore in fact 75 years old in September 1982.
[**] Yetkin’s reference to a “twelve-member Politburo” is not entirely accurate. The membership of the Soviet Politburo was not fixed; before 1990, it generally consisted of around 12 to 15 full members and 5 to 8 candidate members. In the Politburo elected after the 26th Party Congress in 1981, there were 14 full members and 8 candidate members. Moreover, at the time of Brezhnev’s visit to Baku in September 1982, Heydar Aliyev was not yet a full member of the Politburo but, since 1976, a candidate member. He was elevated to full membership only on 22 November 1982.
Concluded