An example of vulgar impressionism
I recently read two articles by the Stalinist historian
Candan Badem, published about a year ago on the website of the newspaper Yurtsever.
The second article is a continuation of the first. In these articles, Badem
reviews Sovyet Deneyi ve Yarının Sosyalizmi (The Soviet Experiment
and the Socialism of Tomorrow) [1], a two-volume work by another Stalinist
author, Sinan Dervişoğlu. Badem discusses the first volume in his first article
(in Turkish) [2] and the second in a follow-uparticle published about two weeks later (in Turkish) [3].
In his review of the second volume, Badem accuses Dervişoğlu
of making a grossly unfair assertion about the quality and competitiveness of
Soviet products, and explains his objection as follows:
[Dervişoğlu] says that the
Soviets and socialist economies never had a commercially viable and competitive
brand (apart from Kalashnikov)! Unfortunately, in making this claim, Dervişoğlu
has come to resemble Putin: Putin, too, said that the USSR had nothing to
export but galoshes! Has Dervişoğlu really never seen a Soviet Serkisov watch
or a Zenit camera? Soviet Lada cars were very successful in their respective
segments. During my childhood in Kars and Ardahan in the 1970s, Soviet-made
scythes were the best available. Soviet tractors and combine harvesters,
however, could not enter Turkey because of US and NATO influence. During
perestroika, some cooperatives granted export rights by the traitor Gorbachev
bought up cheap, high-quality Soviet butter on the domestic market and sold it
to Europe. In my view, Gorbachev’s betrayal lay not in allowing cooperatives,
but in allowing them to plunder state property and extract rents from
subsidised state products.
I have not yet read Dervişoğlu’s book, so I cannot assess his arguments on this subject in this article. Here, I simply want to comment briefly on the impressionistic method Badem employs when discussing the quality and competitiveness of Soviet products and criticising Dervişoğlu.
In such a debate, our starting point should be concrete data on the structure of Soviet exports rather than impressions. The fact is that, particularly in the late Soviet period, energy products and raw materials accounted for a large share of Soviet exports to markets that generated convertible currency earnings. The data presented in A Study of the Soviet Economy, published in 1991 and prepared by experts from the IMF, the World Bank, the OECD and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, make this abundantly clear: in 1989, fuel and electricity accounted for 55.1 per cent of Soviet exports to advanced capitalist countries; ores, mineral concentrates, metals and metal products for 15.3 per cent; and timber and paper for 7 per cent. Together, these three categories accounted for 77.4 per cent of Soviet exports to those countries. By contrast, machinery, equipment and transport equipment accounted for only 3.2 per cent, and manufactured consumer goods for just 2.8 per cent. [4]
Without discussing the structure of Soviet exports at all,
Badem cites Serkisof watches, Zenit cameras and Lada cars as examples of
successful Soviet products to defend the competitiveness of Soviet industrial
goods against Dervişoğlu’s criticism. He then recalls that, in Kars and
Ardahan, where he spent his childhood, Soviet scythes were the best available
locally. Yet he says nothing about which Soviet-made products were successful,
in which periods, against which competitors or by which criteria. A few remembered
brand names and childhood memories -in other words, a set of subjective
impressions- take the place of economic and historical analysis.
There is no doubt that the Soviet Union produced industrial goods that were useful, durable or found buyers in certain markets. It would be pointless to argue otherwise. Yet these qualities in particular products do not negate the serious and widespread problems of quality and productivity in Soviet industry. Soviet-made goods lagged behind competing products in durability, reliability and technical performance, and this was one of the main factors limiting their international competitiveness. Moreover, being able to sell a product abroad does not, in itself, imply technological superiority or high labour productivity.
Indeed, a 1989study by Béla Balassa, a professor of political economy at Johns Hopkins
University and a consultant to the World Bank, emphasised the predominance of
fuel and raw materials in Soviet foreign trade and identified quality problems
as one of the main obstacles to expanding manufactured exports. [5] In the
terminology of Marxist value theory, the problem manifested itself in the
concrete properties of these products as use-values - that is, in shortcomings in
their capacity to meet needs. Of course, I do not endorse the market reforms
Balassa proposed; but we cannot dismiss this concrete reality by citing a watch
brand and a Soviet-made scythe.
Furthermore, Badem’s choice of Zenit as an example is highly
questionable. For instance, an internalfactory assessment from 1969, published in the Zenitcamera archive, states
that 40 per cent of the Zenit-7 cameras produced in August were returned
following complaints. [6] This figure indicates a serious quality problem at
the factory, though it would, of course, be wrong to generalise it to all Zenit
models and all years. Yet simply mentioning the Zenit brand, familiar to some
people above a certain age in Turkey, is not enough to establish how these
cameras compared with their rivals in terms of quality and competitiveness.
The same distinctions must be drawn in the case of Lada. Badem’s claim that these cars were successful in their respective segments remains unsubstantiated unless he specifies which market, period and measure of success he means. The labour-time comparison I discussed in myearlier article on AvtoVAZ showed that finding a certain number of buyers in foreign markets did not negate serious problems of productivity and efficiency in car production. The ability to sell on international markets, product quality and labour productivity are distinct issues, but they need to be examined together.
Contemporary accounts should also be considered when assessing the technological level of the Soviet car industry. In his1972 diary, Chernyaev quotes a senior Renault executive as saying that Moskvich cars and those produced in Izhevsk were on a par with the vehicles Renault had produced fifteen years earlier. In the article in which I referred to Chernyaev’s diary, I also discussed car production based on cooperation with Fiat, noting that similarities in outward appearance did not imply an equivalent technological level.The example of butter raises even more questions. Badem
writes that, during perestroika, some cooperatives bought up cheap,
high-quality Soviet butter on the domestic market and sold it to Europe. Yet,
according to figurespresented to the British Parliament, the European Community exported
118,000 tonnes of butter and butteroil to the USSR in January–August 1989
alone. [7] This figure does not prove that the sales Badem mentions did not
take place, but it does show the broader economic context in which they
occurred.
Moreover, by Badem’s own account, the cooperatives were
taking advantage of the gap between domestic and export prices for
state-subsidised products. Being able to buy a product cheaply at home and sell
it abroad at a higher price does not show that it was produced efficiently by
international standards. A profit opportunity created by state subsidies should
not be confused with the competitiveness of production.
To assess the performance of Soviet industry, we need to
examine labour productivity, costs, the technical characteristics of its
products and the structure of its exports. Yet Badem addresses none of these
and considers it enough to list a few Soviet-made products he has selected and
recount a childhood memory.
It would not be unfair to say that, in defending the quality
and competitiveness of Soviet products, Badem displays an extremely vulgar form
of impressionism.
[1] Sinan Dervişoğlu, Sovyet Deneyi ve Yarının Sosyalizmi,
2 vols., Istanbul: Canut Yayınları, 2025.
[2] Candan Badem, “Sinan Dervişoğlu’nun Sovyet Deneyi ve
Yarının Sosyalizmi kitabı üzerine”, Yurtsever, 22 October 2025.
Available at: https://yurtsever.org.tr/2025/sinan-dervisoglunun-sovyet-deneyi-ve-yarinin-sosyalizmi-kitabi-uzerine-553635/
[3] Candan Badem, “Sinan Dervişoğlu’nun Kitabı, cilt 2:
Bugünün ve Yarının Sosyalizmi”, Yurtsever, 3 November 2025. The
quotation is taken from this article. Available at: https://yurtsever.org.tr/2025/sinan-dervisoglunun-kitabi-cilt-2-bugunun-ve-yarinin-sosyalizmi-553979/
[4] IMF, World Bank, OECD and European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development, A Study of the Soviet Economy, vol. 2,
1991, section “External Trade Reform”, Table IV.3.2: “USSR: Commodity Structure
of Exports, 1980–89”. The source for the table is the Soviet statistical
publication SSSR v tsifrakh 1989 (1990). The percentages cited in the
text refer to the category “non-socialist advanced countries”; the figure of
77.4 per cent is the sum of the shares of the three specified product groups.
Available at: https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9789264134683/ch011.xml
[5] Béla Balassa, Reflections on Perestroyka and the
Foreign Economic Ties of the USSR, PPR Working Paper Series, WPS 149,
Washington, DC: World Bank, January 1989, especially pp. 6 and 18–19. Available
at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/716411468769321534/pdf/multi0page.pdf
[6] “Еще раз о качестве фотоаппаратов” [Once Again on the
Quality of Cameras], Sovetskiy Patriot, 7 October 1969; a factory
newspaper article republished in the Zenitcamera archive. Available at: https://www.zenitcamera.com/archive/history/once-again-about-quality.html
[7] “EC Food Exports”, Hansard, House of Commons, 5 March 1990, vol. 168, col. 496W. In the table covering January–August 1989, the quantity exported to the USSR under the heading “Butter (incl. butter oil)” is given as 118,000 tonnes. Available at: https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1990/mar/05/ec-food-exports












