Notes on the Benediktov Interview
Stalin-era Stalinism and post-Stalin Stalinism (5)
PART 1 | PART 2 | PART 3 | PART 4 | PART 5
| (1967) Benediktov, the Soviet ambassador to India, presents a sack of wheat to India’s Food Secretary, A. L. Dias, as part of a food aid programme. |
Yet the privileged position of the bureaucracy did not mean a secure, tranquil and predictable life in which its privileges could be enjoyed with complete peace of mind. On the contrary, members of the bureaucratic caste lived under the constant threat of falling from favour, being dismissed, arrested, or even seeing their families dragged into disaster along with them. Moreover, this atmosphere of political fear was often accompanied by a gruelling pace of work that wore people down. It was only in this way that Stalin could lend a certain degree of effectiveness to the regime he led.
Under Khrushchev, the mass repression and terror that had marked the Stalin period largely came to an end. For the Soviet bureaucracy, the immediate fear of death disappeared. It is hardly surprising that the bureaucratic caste greeted this with great satisfaction. Yet this change did not simply mean escaping the bloody machinery of Stalinist purges. It also meant the loosening of elements that had become inseparable from governance under Stalin: “overwork”, permanent mobilisation, the threat of “personal responsibility”, and the threat of punishment from above. In Benediktov’s own words:
Those who had grown weary of the strained pace of work and rigid discipline associated Khrushchev’s “new style” with hopes of a calmer, less burdensome life. (V. Litov, Stalin ve Hruşçov Hakkında: Benediktov ile Söyleşi [On Stalin and Khrushchev: An Interview with Benediktov], trans. from the Russian by Candan Badem, Yazılama Yayınevi, 4th edn, April 2023, Istanbul, p. 82)
Benediktov remarked: “People are only human: they want to relax, to devote some time to their families and personal pursuits, and some also wish to enjoy the prestige and privileges of high office.” He added:
Nikita Sergeyevich advocated a more “lenient” disciplinary and labour regime (…) It was no accident that one of the first heralds of Khrushchev’s new style was the ban on remaining at the workplace after 8 pm. In Stalin’s time, by contrast, many People’s Commissariats continued working even through the night, which of course left people utterly exhausted. (pp. 86-87)
Khrushchev’s “new style” was not, as it was often presented, the product of a moral or humanist awakening. Khrushchev and his entourage claimed to be undertaking a supposedly sincere “return to Lenin”, aimed at correcting the “errors” of the Stalin era and, above all, the cult of personality. The reality behind the appearances, however, was this: it was in fact the party leadership’s response to the bureaucracy’s demand for a safer, more comfortable and less exhausting order of governance. In the jargon of the time, this was described as the “re-establishment of socialist legality”.
| Brezhnev and Khrushchev atop Lenin’s Mausoleum, 1962. |
Khrushchev appealed to me more as well. I also thought that under him I would have greater freedom and would be able to carry out the programme I had set myself more quickly. Yet these expectations did not come true. (…) We began to think less about work and more about the various blessings of life. (p. 87)
It is particularly important here to emphasise Benediktov’s sense of disappointment. Benediktov differed from the overwhelming majority of the bureaucratic caste. He was a particular kind of Stalinist: one who looked beyond his own material interests, who was genuinely concerned with the survival of the regime, and who, in this respect, belonged to a minority. His expectation of the Khrushchev era, therefore, was that the relaxation of the regime of repression and overwork characteristic of the Stalin period would give rise to a more comfortable, but at the same time more effective, working environment.
The outcome, however, was nothing of the sort: as the fear of death, permanent mobilisation and heavy disciplinary pressure from above loosened their grip, the bureaucracy did not become more creative or productive. On the contrary, this ushered in a period in which the bureaucracy could enjoy its privileges more comfortably and began to think “less about work and more about the various blessings of life”.
Khrushchev did not undertake any fundamental transformation of the main structures of the regime he had inherited, a regime based on the programme of “socialism in one country”; nor would any such attempt be made until the mid-1980s. What he did do, however, was largely set aside the inhuman practices that had lent a certain degree of effectiveness to this cumbersome, largely autarkic regime which claimed to be building “socialism in one country”. The Stalinist order could not maintain its effectiveness without fear; once fear loosened its grip, bureaucratic inertia, conformism and attachment to privilege became all the more visible.
We used the word “largely” above because, under Khrushchev, some of the bureaucratic practices of coercion inherited from the Stalin period and aimed at generating effectiveness continued to be employed. Let us turn to Benediktov himself:
Having been through Stalin’s school and not yet forgotten some of its lessons, Khrushchev nevertheless tried, to some extent, to halt this process. His successors, however, unfortunately succumbed to the prevailing current of the day - to what Lenin called “the remnants of the forces and traditions of the old society”. (pp. 87-88)
As a strong organiser, an energetic and enterprising man, Nikita Sergeyevich would still somehow “shake up” the managers and get them working, whereas his successors contented themselves with endless exhortations. (p. 97)
One of the fundamental factors behind Khrushchev’s removal from office in 1964 by a palace coup was precisely this. He had dismantled the bloodiest forms of Stalinist terror and freed the bureaucracy from the fear of death; yet at the same time he remained a leader who would, from time to time, “shake it up”, unsettle it, and subject it to campaigns and administrative interventions. For this reason, the Khrushchev era was, for the bureaucratic caste, an interlude - a transitional period.
Under Brezhnev, the balance shifted far more openly in favour of the needs of the bureaucracy. The fundamental structures of the Stalinist regime were preserved, but the mortal fear of the Stalin period and the interventionism of the Khrushchev era, which had disturbed the bureaucratic caste, were left behind. In this way, the bureaucracy finally secured the safe, predictable order of governance it had long desired - one in which it could enjoy its privileges with far greater ease. Yet this also meant that the Stalinist regime’s last limited sources of “effectiveness” were largely exhausted. Without fear and permanent mobilisation, the regime could no longer generate the same dynamism; under Brezhnev, it entered a long period of stagnation and crisis, one that grew increasingly severe over time.
By the early 1980s, when these interviews were conducted, this crisis of the Stalinist regime had grown considerably more severe, and Benediktov, like many others, could see that disaster was approaching:
The [people’s] potential can only be brought out under conditions of iron discipline and order, with all anti-socialist manifestations decisively curbed. (…) And this iron discipline and high degree of coercion in all matters, great and small, must begin precisely with the senior administrators; otherwise socialism faces extremely dangerous consequences… (p. 100)
Benediktov could see the approaching disaster; yet, remaining within the very confines of the anti-internationalist programme of “socialism in one country” and the bureaucratic regime it had engendered, he sought the way out in a partial revival of Stalinist coercion.
[*] From the mid-1920s onwards, Stalin gradually assumed the position of a man-god with power over life and death. This process was largely complete by the mid-1930s. The years of the Great Terror, 1936-38, consolidated Stalin’s domination over both the masses and the bureaucracy.
To be continued