Shortages of consumer goods in Stalinist regimes
The testimony of Zekeriya Sertel (1)
After writing the article Queue E-etiquette in Stalinist Albania, prompted by a passage in Lea Ypi’s autobiographical book Free, I came to the conclusion that it would be worthwhile to continue showing, through direct testimonies, how the problem of consumer-goods shortages manifested itself in other Stalinist regimes.
With this in mind, in this article and in several subsequent instalments of the series, I will present testimonies that I have encountered over the decades in the sources I have read and found both interesting and reliable. After Ypi, I turn in this second piece to the observations recorded by Zekeriya Sertel in his book Olduğu Gibi - Rus Biçimi Sosyalizm (As It Was: Socialism in the Russian Manner). Sertel offers a particularly vivid account of the shortage of consumer goods and the hardships of everyday life in Azerbaijan, where he lived with his family for several years.
Zekeriya Sertel was a seasoned journalist who, after leaving Turkey in 1951 with his wife Sabiha and their daughter Yıldız Sertel, spent many years living in various Eastern European countries and in the Soviet Union, especially in Azerbaijan. [*]
Sertel’s testimony reproduced below vividly shows how difficult it was to obtain consumer goods in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, in the latter half of the 1960s, and how this was reflected in everyday life. Under the subheading “The market was completely empty”, he describes in the following words the hardships that he and his family had to contend with:
Zekeriya Sertel
When we went to the shops to do our shopping, we realised that there was a terrible shortage. In the grocer’s there were no more than five or ten items. There was no flour, no rice, no dried pulses such as beans, chickpeas or lentils. There was no chicken, no eggs. At times we even found ourselves deprived of more basic necessities. There were times when we could not get meat. There were times when we could not get onions or potatoes. We could not even find matches. It was as though we were living in wartime. We were forced to endure the hardships of a war economy. And this scarcity was not temporary either. Flour, for example, was distributed only twice a year, once in May and once in November. On those days people would rush to the distribution points and buy as much as they could afford. Between those two dates, you could not find any flour at all. In recent times, meat was being sold that could scarcely be distinguished from leather. The same was true of fruit and vegetables. In state shops and stores, either nothing could be found, or else what was available was so rotten and shrivelled as to be unfit to eat.
For fruit and vegetables, people have to go to the kolkhoz markets. There are two such markets in Baku. If you have plenty of time, or if you live close by, you can get your fruit and vegetables there. But everything is exorbitantly expensive. The peasants sell there whatever produce they have not handed over to the state.
Such, then, was the situation in the fifty-second year of the revolution. Indeed, those who travelled to places such as Turkmenistan, where very little grew, would say, “Be grateful for what you have.” There, it was not even possible to find what was available in Baku. Friends of ours who went to restaurants could find nothing to eat. Fruit and vegetables, in particular, were simply nowhere to be found. (Zekeriya Sertel, Olduğu Gibi - Rus Biçimi Sosyalizm, ed. Mesude Gülcüoğlu, İletişim Yayınları, 1st edn, Istanbul, 1993, pp. 82-83)
Judging by Sertel’s reference to “the fifty-second year of the revolution”, the situation he describes dates from 1968-69. The picture that emerges is deeply bleak. For ordinary people, even the most basic foodstuffs and simple items such as matches were often unavailable when needed. This naturally reminded Sertel of the years of deprivation he had experienced in Istanbul during the Second World War. What is more, this peacetime scarcity was not temporary but chronic. Particularly striking is the fact that a staple such as flour was available only twice a year, in May and November.
Another striking aspect of the situation is the extremely
poor quality - that is, the very low use value - of the foodstuffs that were
available, especially meat and fresh fruit and vegetables.
Finally, this widespread and chronic shortage was not peculiar to Azerbaijan. According to information Sertel received from people he knew, the situation in Turkmenistan was even worse.
| Baku kolkhoz market (1975) |
Sertel also refers to the kolkhoz markets as an alternative place to shop. Since he does not give the reader any detailed explanation of them, it may be useful briefly to note that these were markets where food products grown on small private plots - personal subsidiary plots - allocated to kolkhoz (collective farm) members were sold. These plots enabled kolkhoz members both to meet their own needs and to sell their produce on the market. Lying outside the collective farm’s land, they usually consisted of small parcels adjoining the peasant’s home and allowed kolkhoz members to sustain themselves by producing vegetables, fruit, and small-scale animal products such as poultry and milk.
A significant proportion of the potatoes, vegetables and meat produced in the Soviet Union came from these private plots, which accounted for only a very small share of the country’s total agricultural land. These plots thus amounted to a pragmatic concession to capitalist relations of production: on the one hand, they helped to keep the peasantry tied to the system; on the other, they covered a considerable part of the country’s chronic food shortage.
However, the number of such markets was limited - Sertel notes that there were only two in Baku - which meant that they were not easily accessible to some city dwellers, while prices there were far higher. Unfortunately, Sertel does not provide any more detailed data on this point.
Even so, it would not be quite right to say that Sertel leaves the reader entirely in the dark on this issue. Later in the book, he offers a few examples that at least allow the reader to make a rough comparison regarding these high prices:
A chicken that ought to have sold for 20-30 lira in a state shop cost 80 lira on the market. Eggs were 150 kuruş each. [**] A kilo of rice that ought to have cost 800 kuruş in a state shop was selling for 20 lira. Meat was twice as expensive. Those who could afford such prices belonged to the privileged layers of society - Party members, intellectuals, administrators, and artists. The broad mass of the people outside those circles, if they could find any, lived on potatoes. (p. 140)
Sertel most likely calculated these prices in Turkish lira using the official exchange rates prevailing at the time he wrote the text. Although figures converted into Turkish currency may not in themselves mean very much to today’s reader, they are still important in showing that prices in the kolkhoz markets were roughly three to four times higher for chicken, around twenty-five times higher for rice, and about twice as high for red meat as in the state shops. (Sertel does not give the Turkish-lira equivalent of the state-shop price of eggs.)
Sertel points out that only the privileged strata of society could afford these high prices. This makes it clear that, although the kolkhoz markets may have served as an alternative source of goods unavailable in the state shops, they did not offer a genuine solution for the broader mass of the population.
[*] Sabiha and Yıldız Sertel were members of the Stalinist Communist Party of Turkey (TKP). Zekeriya Sertel, who in Olduğu Gibi (As It Was) wrote that “Socialism is the only way forward for advanced societies” (p. 118), was never a member of the TKP and never described himself as a communist. Although his wife’s affiliation with the TKP led him to take part in the publishing activities of that party and of certain Stalinist regimes, his own political orientation was essentially left-social democratic.
[**] The lira (Turkish lira) is the main unit of Turkish currency, and the kuruş is its subunit: 1 Turkish lira = 100 kuruş.
To be continued