Stalinism and alcoholism in the Soviet Union (2)
Bureaucratic voluntarism and the first cracks in the campaign
I forgot to note yesterday that Ligachev assembled all deputy chiefs of the staff. He gave us notice that the resolutions and decrees about alcoholism and hard drinking will be published tomorrow. (It seems we will soon be celebrating the 400th anniversary of the fight against drinking in Russia: begun by Boris Godunov.) He spoke very sternly, saying that twelve years ago we made an attempt, but at the same time we passed a resolution to increase vodka production and turned a blind eye to all kinds of scandalous behavior. “It will not be this way anymore! Will not be! The times have changed... (he paused)-as in all other respects...” We will fire people caught “in this” in twenty-four hours, regardless of either merits, or status (sitting next to me was Shaposhnikov, quite smashed, probably from yesterday’s or last night’s drinking bout).
[Ligachev] cited some statistics: 107,000 communists per year end up in sobering-up stations, and 370,000 members of the Young Communist League. Since 1950, the consumption of alcohol has quadrupled. Two-thirds of crimes are committed by intoxicated persons. The rise in crime is directly proportional to the rise in the consumption of alcohol. The life expectancy of men has gone down. Future generations are imperiled. The main cause for the rise in alcoholism is the rise in the production of alcoholic beverages (and not the “remnants” of capitalism).
Yesterday the orders and resolutions were published. They strike one with their frankness (without fear for “the image of real socialism.”) However, the measures [taken] are not draconic: mostly fines. But what can one get from drinkers? (Anatoly S. Chernyaev, Diary of Anatoly Chernyaev (1985), trans. Anna Melyakova, ed. Svetlana Savranskaya, pp. 53–54)
| “We shall overcome!” A Soviet propaganda poster produced in 1985 as part of the anti-alcohol campaign. The poster depicts “drunkenness” as a poisonous snake to be crushed by the working class. |
Yet Ligachev and the top leadership of the CPSU failed to foresee the severe fiscal and economic shock that would be triggered by a radical reduction in alcohol production and sales. The summary of the discussions at the Politburo meeting of 4 April 1985, which we cited from Chernyaev’s diary in the previous section, shows that they were broadly aware that there would be a decline in consolidated budget revenues. Owing to their bureaucratic blinkers, however, they could not anticipate that this decline would turn into a fiscal and economic shock, nor could they foresee the numerous side effects it would entail, or the chain of socio-economic consequences that their combined impact would set in motion. By the very nature of things, it was impossible for them to do so.
At the same time, Ligachev’s speech also contained an important admission: he stated that the principal cause of the rise in alcoholism was not the “remnants of capitalism”, but the increase in the production of alcoholic beverages. This was a striking observation in terms of the ideological templates of the Stalinist regime. For the problem was not being defined as something external, or as a lingering “bourgeois legacy”; rather, it was being acknowledged as directly connected with the regime’s own choices. Yet although this recognition represented a small step in the right direction, Ligachev-and, of course, the Party leadership-could not take it any further. Since they did not address the decisive and deep-rooted factors underlying that choice, they remained trapped at the level of appearances.
Ligachev’s reasoning was a classic example of bureaucratic voluntarism: it rested on the illusion that the social contradictions rooted in the structure of the state and the economy could be resolved through administrative decisions and decrees, without addressing the class relations that underlay them.
Finally, in the closing lines of his diary entry of 18 May 1985, Chernyaev expressed his own misgivings about the campaign. Naturally, he did not voice these doubts by taking the floor at the meeting; he kept them to himself. As a Stalinist apparatchik, however, his criticism, too, was extremely superficial: the campaign relied mainly on fines, and this method would have little effect on heavy drinkers.
From Chernyaev’s diary we learn that, by mid-June, the first waves of the fiscal and economic tsunami unleashed by the campaign had begun to make themselves felt. Chernyaev attended a meeting of the Central Committee Secretariat on 14 June 1985, and in his notes written the following day he recorded:
We must make a turnaround in trade especially because vodka and wine are being taken off the shelves, and the financial plan is under the danger of not being met. (ibid., p. 60)
Chernyaev wrote the following in his diary about another meeting of the Central Committee Secretariat, which he attended on 22 November 1985:
There are reports from Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Moldova about their plans for patching the hundred-million gaps in their budgets due to the reduction in wine manufacture. Ligachev told me of a conversation he had with “a good worker.” The latter told him (on the occasion of the kilometer-long lines for vodka): “They make people work-absolutely! But as far as giving a working man an opportunity to have a drink-here!” (he made a gesture to show that the people get nothing). It’s a problem!-concluded Egor Kuzmich. (ibid., p. 87)
These lines showed that, even before the end of 1985, the campaign was beginning to come under pressure on two distinct fronts. On the one hand, large budget gaps were emerging in republics such as Georgia, Azerbaijan and Moldova, where wine production played an important role; on the other, vodka queues were becoming a new source of discontent in the everyday life of the working class. The words of the “good worker” cited by Ligachev summarised this discontent in simple and striking terms: the bureaucracy demanded absolute adherence to production discipline from workers and other working people; yet, without removing the conditions that generated tension, weariness and alienation in their daily lives, it sought to suppress alcohol consumption from above, through bureaucratic and administrative decrees that granted the working class no say whatsoever.
To be continued