Brezhnev’s final months:
The scandal in Baku (1)
PART 1 |
| Leonid Brezhnev (1982) |
From 1964 onwards, Leonid Brezhnev stood at the head of both the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and the state apparatus. The final years of his rule were marked not only by economic stagnation and a gradually deepening crisis, but also by his increasingly visible physical and mental decline. This decline did not set in overnight. Insider testimony and diplomatic observations from the period suggest that the deterioration in Brezhnev’s health became particularly pronounced from the mid-1970s onwards.
By 1975, it was already clearly felt within Kremlin circles that he was no longer the Brezhnev of old; on television, signs of absent-mindedness, increasingly faltering speech, and a general loss of composure were beginning to show. Anatoly Chernyaev, whose eleven diaries covering the years 1972-82 I have read to date, likewise made numerous notes from 1975 onwards pointing to this state of affairs.
It appears that Brezhnev’s health problems cannot be reduced to a single ailment. The most reliable accounts point to a complex picture in which cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, the effects of heavy smoking, possible strokes or stroke-like neurological episodes, and a concomitant dependence on medication were all intertwined. While American diplomatic assessments noted that Brezhnev’s health had deteriorated markedly, that he tired easily, and that he suffered from serious circulatory problems, Soviet insiders likewise reported that he was increasingly slurring his speech, could read only the large-print texts placed before him, and at times gave the impression of not fully understanding what he was saying.
After 1976, these problems were no longer merely a matter whispered about in the corridors of the Kremlin. In Brezhnev’s public appearances, a vacant stare, an expressionless face, slowed movements, trembling hands and, at times, a disjointed manner of speaking became increasingly noticeable. The regime tried to conceal all this as far as possible; official broadcasts were edited, problematic footage was removed, and ceremonial choreography was tightened still further. Yet despite all these efforts, it became ever harder to hide the fact that the man at the very top of the Soviet Union was now undergoing serious physical and mental disintegration.
Brezhnev’s personal decline, combined with the workings of the Stalinist bureaucratic apparatus, created an even greater political danger. The possibility that a leader whose mental clarity had been so badly eroded - yet who still wielded such vast powers - might simply read out whatever was placed before him, and that this could automatically be transformed into “state policy”, revealed the extent of the rot at the very top of the system. A diseased regime continuing to function around a sick leader!
An episode recounted in Chernyaev’s 1982 diary lays bare just how absurd, shameful and, at the same time, dangerous this whole arrangement had become. The following passage is taken from his diary entry of 29 September 1982. This tragicomic scandal, which took place during Brezhnev’s visit to Baku, is particularly striking because it shows how the physical and mental disintegration at the very top of the regime had by then assumed the character of a public farce.
| Leonid Brezhnev with Heydar Aliyev, head of the Azerbaijani Communist Party, during his visit to Baku. |
Brezhnev was in Baku at the end of last week: he presented an order to the republic for the last Five-Year Plan.Aliyev surpassed all records of ass-licking and servility, called these days “historic.” (Even under Stalin there wasn’t such vulgarity and crassness in praising the leadership.) And it’s impossible to understand – is he just an idiot, or is he so cynical: as if to say, here, eat it! I will get my share, and then come what may…But that’s not the point right now. Sunday really turned out to be “historic.”
I was on my way to dacha. The radio station Mayak indicated 11a.m. and I asked the driver to turn up the volume: a direct transmission from Baku. Aliyev opened and gave the floor… the slurred speech began, meaning our leader was going through a bad stretch of his flickering consciousness. Evidently, he did not understand or hear what he was saying, and all his energy was focused on reading the next word (which he did not always manage). Every phrase was followed by applause, thunderous applause. About ten minutes went by. He already started saying “Afghanistan” instead of “Azerbaijan,” and suddenly stopped completely… There was some rustling, then noise and thunderous applause. Suddenly you could hear him saying, “It’s not my fault…” Then several seconds of silence and he added, “I’ll have to read it from the beginning.” Applause.
The next day at work, I asked those who were watching it on TV – what happened? Of course, by the time it was shown in Vremya, [*] everything was cleaned up.
The following took place.
Brezhnev read about three pages, printed in inch-size font. At this point, people noticed Aleksandrov’s confused expression on the screen, he was sitting in the presidium next to Aliyev and was “in line” with the speaker, only above him. He feverishly raised pages close to his nearsighted eyes and threw up his hands. He repeatedly went from one folder to the other, and finally jumped up and ran to the podium. He approached the speaker from one side… The latter cast an unseeing glance at him and continued to read. Aleksandrov ran to the other side, making signs, but the speaker waived him off and continued to read. Finally, “Sparrow” [**] had to take the speaker by his elbow. At this moment the cameras switched to show the audience and Aliyev began to applaud furiously to mask the awkward situation and the pause.
The words “not my fault” were uttered when the camera was again directed at the podium and Andrey Mikhailovich Aleksandrov-Agentov was seen hastily leaving. When Brezhnev said these words, he threw an angry look in his direction.
So, he had been reading the wrong text and would have never noticed, even when the word “Afghanistan” appeared. As it turned out, he had been reading the speech for the meeting with the leadership of the republic, which had confidential passages not meant for the press (I was personally able to compare what I heard in the car with the text of this second speech that was published the next day).
Alas! It was less than two weeks ago that Bovin and I were discussing our fears that while Brezhnev is in this condition, anything could be slipped to him and it immediately becomes policy against which no one dares to lift a finger. And now these fears are confirmed.
There was a great deal of coverage of him being taken to various “objects” in Baku. He looks completely senile.
The protocol of his meetings there was copied from the protocol of a head of state’s visit to a foreign state: guard of honor, waving a saber, anthems of the USSR and the Azerbaijan SSR, a parade by the guard of honor, an escort of cars and motorcycles… The same thing when visiting monuments, when seeing him off at the airport… Not to mention the national dances “along the entire route” and folk crowds with flags and banners along the entire 30 kilometers from the city to the airport. My first reaction was: this is a violation of the Constitution… However, upon reflection, it became clear that Aliyev proposed such a protocol and no one dared to say a word.
Today Brutents brought in his pocket a clipping from the newspaper Baku Worker. A poem by Suleyman Rustam, the People’s Poet of Azerbaijan. It’s similar to Suleyman Stalsky and Dzhambul, only they didn’t rise to such heights. [***] It has everything: our leader, radiance, happiness in every heart from just one glance, wisdom, the source of all blessings… It is impossible to convey in my, normal, language.
I read it and started laughing. Karen said: someone brought this from Baku, i.e. people see perfectly what’s going on. The paradox is that if you try to make dozens of copies of this, you will be charged with anti-Sovietism. Because it will be seen as a mockery, and no one will believe that you are sincerely delighted with this poetry. (Anatoly S. Chernyaev, Diary of Anatoly Chernyaev (1982), trans. Anna Melyakova, ed. Svetlana Savranskaya, pp. 49-51.)
[*] The main evening news bulletin of Soviet Central Television.
[**] Aleksandrov‑Agentov’s nickname.
[***] Suleyman Rustam (1906-1989) was a poet prominent in the official literary circles of Soviet Azerbaijan and received the title of “People’s Poet of the Azerbaijan SSR” in 1960. Suleyman Stalsky (1869-1937) was a Soviet poet of Lezgi origin from Dagestan, while Dzhambul Dzhabayev (1846-1945) was a well-known Kazakh folk bard who was especially promoted during the Soviet period for propaganda purposes.
To be continued