Two bitter examples of the Stalinist culture of secrecy
In the article entitled “They're keeping the Tashkent earthquake from the public”, we referred to the following observation made by Zekeriya Sertel in his book As It Was - Socialism in the Russian Manner (Olduğu Gibi - Rus Biçimi Sosyalizm), in the context of the concealment of the 1966 Tashkent earthquake from both Soviet and international public opinion:
In the Soviet Union, newspapers did not report such [disaster] news, nor did radio broadcast it. Instead, you learnt about it only by word of mouth.
In this article, I would like to present two examples drawn from different sources I have read over the past year, both of which confirm and complement Sertel’s observation. The first dates from 1972, while the second relates to the mid-1960s.
| A page from Chernyaev’s diary |
My first source is the 1972 diary of Anatoly Chernyaev, a senior Soviet apparatchik. (We have previously cited other sections of this diary.) In his entry dated 17 October 1972, Chernyaev refers to two major air crashes that had occurred earlier that month:
On October 1st, an Il-18 airplane fell into the Black Sea a few minutes after taking off from Adler airport. One hundred and two people suffocated in the depressurized cabin. On the 13th, an Il-62 crashed while approaching Sheremetyevo airport (flying from Paris through Leningrad). One hundred seventy three people. The latter was reported in “Pravda,” there were 38 Chileans, 5 Algerians, 6 Peruvians, and Frenchman, a German, and an Englishman among the victims. Our ambassadors in Chile and Algeria were instructed to express their condolences (since these are friendly governments).
There was nothing about the Adler crash in the newspapers, only “Moskovskaya Pravda” and “Vechyorka” for a week printed little notices of mourning about the tragic death (where and how?) of this or that person, sometimes married couples. (Anatoly S. Chernyaev, Diary of Anatoly Chernyaev (1972), trans.: Anna Melyakova, ed.: Svetlana Savranskaya, pp. 32-33.)
In summary, of the two major civil aviation disasters that occurred within a fortnight in the Soviet Union, the crash in which numerous foreign passengers lost their lives was reported out of necessity because of the risk of international repercussions. By contrast, the Adler crash, in which 102 people were killed, was kept entirely hidden from the Soviet public, as it had no “external connection”.
My second source is the memoirs of Yıldız Sertel, the daughter of Zekeriya Sertel. In her book The Years Behind Me (Ardımdaki Yıllar), she offers the following example of bureaucratic secrecy in the Soviet Union:My mother [Sabiha Sertel] used to say, “They carry propaganda to the point of gouging out your eyes.” Major accidents, fires, and floods were never reported. Such things, we were told, did not happen in socialist countries. We listened to London Radio to find out what was happening in the world. Sometimes we managed to tune in to Ankara as well. One day, right in the very centre of Baku, a major fire broke out in a student dormitory. Parents from the provinces whose children were staying there rushed to Baku. The entire city buzzed with the news; the grapevine went into overdrive. Yet it was impossible to know which of the circulating reports were true and which were false. Not a single word appeared in the newspapers, on the radio, or on television about the incident. Eventually, some particularly curious people came to us and asked, “You listen to London Radio. Did it say anything about the fire in Baku?” (Yıldız Sertel, Ardımdaki Yıllar, Can Sanat Yayınları, Istanbul, December 2018, p. 287)
In the course of my reading, I will continue to share on the blog further examples of the bitter consequences of the culture of secrecy in Stalinist regimes as I come across them. When I consider the overall picture that has emerged from the articles I have published on this subject to date (listed below), I believe it is possible to summarise the fundamental characteristics of the Stalinist culture of secrecy as follows:
Ceremonial unanimity: Public life was staged so as to project an image of unanimity; genuine debate was either conducted behind closed doors or not conducted at all. This served to conceal factional crises and to present the leadership as untouchable.
Purges and show trials: Political differences of opinion were branded as conspiracies or acts of treason; judicial proceedings were conducted in secret and were pre-arranged, thereby legitimising mass repression.
Surveillance and informing: Surveillance and informing permeated workplaces and everyday life, atomising society and paralysing the collective capacity for resistance among the working class and other sections of society.
Falsification of history: The past was rewritten so as to legitimise existing power relations; opponents were erased, and revolutionary principles were hollowed out into empty shells, becoming instruments for the defence of bureaucratic domination.
These elements also reinforced one another: secrecy bred paranoia, paranoia demanded tighter control, and control, in turn, generated still more secrecy; thus a self-perpetuating spiral of political pathology emerged.