Shortages of consumer goods in Stalinist regimes
The testimony of Vera Tulyakova Hikmet
Vera Tulyakova Hikmet (1932-2001), in her book Bahtiyar Ol Nâzım (Be Happy, Nâzım), brings together her recollections of the final years of Nâzım Hikmet’s life (1955-1963) and the inner conversations she continued to hold with him after his death, all in the form of a kind of intimate dialogue. Unsurprisingly, the book contains striking observations that shed light not only on Nâzım Hikmet’s private life, but also on everyday life in the Soviet Union -particularly in Moscow- and on the nature of the Stalinist regime.
In the Soviet Union, Nâzım Hikmet was a world-renowned poet whom the Kremlin bureaucracy prominently displayed and who was sincerely devoted to the Stalinist regime. For this reason, like other Soviet intellectuals and artists regarded as loyal to the regime, he enjoyed access to a range of material privileges unavailable to ordinary citizens. These included access to special shopping channels and the possibility of travelling to wealthy Western countries and shopping there.
Vera Tulyakova, who at a young age left her husband -while the mother of a young daughter- to live with Nâzım Hikmet, and later married him, had not enjoyed such material privileges before that relationship. She therefore knew the hardships faced by ordinary Soviet citizens not as an outside observer, but as someone who had experienced them at first hand: the struggles of daily life, the queues, the shortages, the rough treatment meted out to the public by shop workers, and the deprivation of life in the provinces. In her book, Tulyakova also includes a number of important observations on these issues. In this article, I would like to consider what we can learn, in this context, from her testimony.
| Nâzım Hikmet and Vera Tulyakova. Paris, 1961. The couple were able to travel abroad and shop there -opportunities denied to the overwhelming majority of Soviet citizens. |
In her book, Vera Tulyakova describes the stifling atmosphere created in urban life by the shortage of consumer goods as follows:
You did not like going round the shops, yet you used to say that shops reflected the standard of living, the way of life, the tastes and the problems of a country’s people. For you, wandering through our shops, always crammed with people, was sheer torture. In our bleak, barren city, it was virtually impossible to buy anything with ease. The queues, the airlessness, people’s lack of respect for one another, the humiliation of the public -all this was profoundly repellent to you. If you had a serious need, you would go to GUM [*] and shop in the section that was then reserved for government officials and their spouses. (Vera Tulyakova Hikmet, Bahtiyar Ol Nâzım, ed. Anna Stepanova, trans. Hülya Arslan, YKY, 1st ed., February 2008, Istanbul, pp. 303-304)
I fully agree with Nâzım Hikmet’s view that “shops reflect the standard of living, the way of life, the tastes and the problems of a country’s people”. This series is intended precisely to dwell on that very “reflection” and, by bringing together different testimonies, to build up a more complete picture.
Queues, airlessness, crowds, discourtesy and humiliation are fused into a single tableau in this passage. It is, of course, hardly surprising that Nâzım Hikmet did not wish to frequent Moscow’s shops when such an atmosphere prevailed. When he needed something, however, the poet did not hesitate to make use of the privilege granted to him by the Stalinist regime, shopping in the special section of GUM reserved for government officials and their spouses.
Tulyakova’s words lay bare, through concrete everyday examples, the contradiction between official property relations and the actual mechanisms of distribution in Soviet society. Moreover, this passage also exposes the contradiction inherent in Nâzım Hikmet’s own position: he was disturbed by the conditions to which ordinary Soviet citizens were subjected, yet he could not -or would not- renounce the privileges that shielded him from those very conditions.
What Tulyakova recounts two pages later takes this contradiction a step further:
Among the discarded manuscript pages you had thrown away, my eye was caught by an episode from the play İvan İvanoviç Var Mıydı? (Was There an Ivan Ivanovich?) [**]. Its hero enters a shop specially created for him, and a series of comic incidents follows. I asked you why you had thrown it away. You said to me:
“Marianna Mikhailovna [the person in charge of the privileged shopping section at GUM - k.ü.] saw the play at the Satire Theatre, my dear. When I called on her the other day, she said to me, ‘Nâzım, you mock your hero’s privileged access to a special shop, yet when the need arises you yourself take advantage of such privilege and come to us for help. It is not a very becoming thing to do.’ I was so ashamed, I can’t tell you! I came home and corrected that passage at once. Otherwise, it would not have been honest... What can I do? I hate queues. It is awful that there are queues everywhere here. And the shop assistants are terribly rude as well. Yesterday, in the shop near us, the cashier told off a woman so harshly! And yet it was the cashier herself who had given her the wrong change. But it did not even occur to her to apologise. You would have thought she was some millionaire sitting at the till of her own private shop, and that the people in front of her were her servants. She told the woman off, quite unjustly, in front of the whole shop. The woman left in tears, looking quite ill. I saw that she was pregnant as well!
(...)
And do you know what happened in the shop afterwards? I waited for a while. When there was no one left in front of the cashier, I went up to her and said quietly: 'Why did you insult that woman? She had done nothing wrong. Besides, even if she had been at fault in some way, you still ought to behave politely. If you are in a bad mood, you cannot take it out on other people! They go home or to work carrying the bad energy they have absorbed from you. Then everyone starts hurting one another. You have no right to do that.' She listened to me with a stupid, vacant expression, and then do you know what she said? 'Citizen, go and give these lectures in your own home, in Georgia. Here we raise hell over a single kopeck, whereas where you come from you cannot get even a rouble. I stayed there for twenty-four days, I holidayed in Sukhumi, I know. My skin has not even lightened yet. Come on, Citizen, move away from the till, you are holding up the queue.'” (pp. 306-307)
The importance of this passage becomes clear on several levels. First of all, it shows that the shortage of consumer goods in the Soviet Union did not merely mean empty shelves, long queues and wasted time; it also generated a profound alienation and an everyday coarseness that corroded social relations. The cashier’s treatment of the customer is more than a simple instance of “rudeness”: it also lays bare the worthlessness of the citizen in the eyes of the system. Here, the cashier does not behave like a public employee providing a service, but almost like the mistress of a small realm of power.
Nâzım Hikmet’s reaction when the glaring contradiction between what he wrote and what he did was thrown in his face is also striking. After the deep shame he felt, he tried to remove this contradiction by cutting from the play the episode concerning the privileged shop. Since he was unwilling to give up the special shopping channels granted to him by the Stalinist regime, he attempted to resolve the inconsistency by deleting the privilege of the special shop from the text itself. Had this contradiction not been so plainly brought to his attention, he would no doubt have felt no need to make any alteration to the play.
| GUM, Red Square, Moscow, 1953. Decorated for the May Day celebrations. |
The cashier’s reply, mistaking Nâzım Hikmet for a Georgian,
reveals another reality as well: within the Soviet Union, both levels of
consumption and access to consumer goods were profoundly unequal. In referring
to the relative abundance of Georgia, the woman is in fact exposing the
regional inequalities produced -and continually reproduced- by the regime.
Moreover, the cashier’s resort to a national marker, and her scarcely veiled
suggestion that a “Georgian” ought to know his place in Moscow, is also worth noting.
In the final passage I wish to dwell on, Vera Tulyakova
takes the reader to a rural settlement near the capital:
Recently, I was in a village near Klin, about a hundred kilometres from the capital. In the only shop available to the villagers, there was nothing but vodka and bread. The old women I met tearfully begged me to send them some cheap sweets from Moscow for the anniversary celebrations of the Revolution. All they wanted was three half-kilo packets... I sent them. (italics in the original; p. 314)
This brief passage, in which Vera Tulyakova recounts a visit
she made to a village after Nâzım Hikmet’s death, is powerful enough to sustain
an entire article on its own. In a village barely a hundred kilometres from
Moscow, the only shop where local people could do their shopping stocked
nothing but vodka and bread. We are speaking of the mid-1960s. Behind the
official celebrations and propaganda displays, ordinary people were locked in a
grinding daily struggle to meet even their most basic consumer needs. This, in
turn, lays bare the Stalinist regime’s failure at the level of everyday life
and the chasm between bureaucratic privilege and the living conditions of the
people.
[*] GUM is the abbreviated name of the famous state
department store on Moscow’s Red Square. The name is formed from the initials
of the Russian words Gosudarstvenny Universalny Magazin, meaning “State
Universal Store”.
[**] The play referred to here is İvan İvanoviç Var mıydı, Yok muydu? (Was There an Ivan Ivanovich, or Was There Not?), which Nâzım Hikmet wrote in Moscow in 1955. It was staged at the Moscow Satire Theatre on 11 May 1957, but was banned after its fifth performance. The play was later performed in some Stalinist countries under local titles.
To be continued