Notes on the Benediktov Interview
Stalin-era Stalinism and post-Stalin Stalinism (4)
PART 1 | PART 2 | PART 3 | PART 4
| I. A. Benediktov |
Another fundamental component of Benediktov’s conception of Stalinist efficiency can be summed up under the heading of “overwork”. In his view, what “ensured success” during the Stalin period was not merely the subjection of administrators to the principle of “personal responsibility”, discussed in the previous section; it was also the driving of the entire administrative apparatus - and indeed broad sections of society - into a constant state of mobilisation, forcing them to work at a pace that pushed human limits. Just as “personal responsibility” was inseparable from pressure, fear and punishment, this regime of “overwork” too had to be sustained by the same instruments.
A dyed-in-the-wool Stalinist, Benediktov approaches “overwork” [*], just as he does “personal responsibility”, certainly not from the standpoint of a conception of planning grounded in socialist democracy. What he longs for is a regime of bureaucratic mobilisation in which the reins of the apparatus are held tightly from above, managers and workers are driven by fear, negligence is elevated to the level of a political crime, and the “whip” is brought into play whenever necessary.
Indeed, Benediktov is strikingly candid on this point:
In the ‘30s, in order to combat our age-old Russian maladies [by which he means laxity, irresponsibility and idleness - k.ü.], it was necessary to deploy the entire arsenal: alongside material and moral incentives, administrative measures, and even punitive and coercive measures, had to be used. Yes, yes, that same whip, without which even today we cannot eradicate from a section of our people - and not such a small section either - the most elementary barbarism, savagery and cultural backwardness. (V. Litov, Stalin ve Hruşçov Hakkında: Benediktov ile Söyleşi [On Stalin and Khrushchev: An Interview with Benediktov], translated from the Russian by Candan Badem, Yazılama Yayınevi, 4th edn, April 2023, Istanbul, p. 45)
In advocating a return to Stalin-era practices as a means of overcoming the regime’s steadily deepening crisis, Benediktov locates “laxity, irresponsibility and idleness” in the historical and cultural legacy of Soviet society, as though they were maladies inherent in the very nature of the working people. For this reason, he openly regards “punitive and coercive measures” as necessary, and even deliberately uses the word “whip”. Here the underlying logic of Stalinist bureaucratic rule is laid bare: the worker is conceived not as the conscious subject of the production process, but as an object to be directed, moulded and, if necessary, compelled into obedience from above.
Ideologically, this logic is anti-Marxist; philosophically, it is sheer idealism. For here social behaviour is explained not by relations of production, the exclusion of workers from decision-making processes, or the rule of the bureaucracy, but by supposed cultural defects attributed to working people themselves - “laxity”, “irresponsibility” and “idleness”.
Genuine socialist planning, by contrast, presupposes that the objectives of the plan are determined from below, through workers’ councils and factory committees, and implemented under democratic control. In such a system, workers do not see the plan merely as an order to be “executed” - and often one riddled with serious problems and inconsistencies - but as a collective project they have helped to shape directly and freely. This fundamental distinction is the precondition for overcoming alienation and establishing genuine socialist discipline. [**] Such a perspective, however, is entirely alien to a Stalinist like Benediktov.
One of the natural consequences of this anti-Marxist conception of “overwork and discipline” is the elevation of administrative failures and production problems to the level of political crimes. Benediktov explicitly defends this:
Under the specific conditions of the ‘30s and ‘40s, it was simply necessary to equate offences such as negligence, irresponsibility and slackness with political crimes. (p. 45) [***]
Thus, the true content of the “Stalinist efficiency” lauded by Benediktov comes into sharper focus. This “efficiency” rests not on democratic participation and conscious commitment, but on a regime of overwork that exceeds human limits, sustained by constant supervision and fear:
Members of the Politburo, people’s commissars, and those responsible for central and local bodies likewise submitted to the rhythm he [Stalin] imposed, working under the same strain. A 14-16-hour working day was not an exception for us, but rather the rule. We went on holiday once every five or six years, and not all of us even then. In practice, there were no days off. Iron discipline, continuous control, work performed with maximum exertion, and above all the demand for concrete results, for real improvement in the way things were done - failure to achieve these meant dismissal, regardless of past service. All this led to such productivity and efficiency in administrative labour that today one can only dream of them. (p. 85)
The passage Benediktov approvingly quotes from the Stalinist novelist and playwright Leon Feuchtwanger’s 1937 account of his impressions of the Soviet Union reflects precisely the same mentality:
“They scarcely set aside any time for eating, they hardly sleep, and they see nothing strange in being summoned to the telephone during a play at the theatre to answer an urgent question, or in being called at three or four in the morning. Outside Moscow, I have never encountered so many people working tirelessly... If I did not find the American tempo of work in New York or Chicago, I found it in Moscow.” A correct observation - that is exactly how it was! (p. 85)
As we have already noted earlier in this series, Benediktov’s proposed remedy for the Soviet Union of the early 1980s - beset by profound structural problems - was a return to Stalin-era practices: in other words, to a method in which the administrative apparatus, the working class and other working people were driven by fear, bureaucratic discipline and coercion. This point is expressed most clearly in what he says about Beria and Mehlis:
Stalin used Mehlis, just as he used Beria, as a kind of “cudgel of intimidation”, seeking to eradicate among managers at every level what Lenin quite rightly described as “Russian Oblomovism” - idleness, sluggishness, negligence and our other afflictions. And, to speak frankly, this rather unattractive method worked effectively. Of course, there were also occasions when Beria’s cudgel fell upon the heads of honest people. (p. 98)
According to Benediktov, Stalin employed Beria as a “cudgel of intimidation”; the method may not have been “particularly attractive”, but it was “effective”. In Benediktov’s logic, the crushing of innocent people, the destruction of their lives, and even their physical destruction appear almost as inevitable side-effects of this method. Well, after all, every “medicine” has side-effects, to a greater or lesser degree!
| Yakov Guminer’s Soviet propaganda poster from the period of the First Five-Year Plan: “The arithmetic of the counter-plan for industry and finance: 2 + 2 = 5, plus the enthusiasm of the workers.” |
A conception of governance founded not on socialist democracy and the democratic control of the working class, but on bureaucratic discipline imposed from above; not on the conscious participation of the masses, but on instilling fear in their hearts; not on human emancipation, but on binding the whole of life to a regime of labour and obedience. This, in short, is the true content of what Benediktov extols as “efficiency”.
[*] Towards the end of the interview, Benediktov does not even hesitate to characterise the mechanism of “overwork” as “over-exploitation”: “Of course, such over-exploitation, a regime that demanded such immense energy, did not please everyone.” (p. 86)
[**] Marx’s analysis of alienation is directly applicable here: if a worker does not have the right to exercise democratic control over the product of their own labour; if plan targets are determined by bureaucrats, production decisions are taken by bureaucrats, and the surplus product is appropriated by the bureaucracy, then for that worker the factory or the kolkhoz remains nothing other than a site of production in which they are alienated from their own labour. Alienation, therefore, is inevitable. Benediktov perceives this outcome, but refuses to acknowledge its cause; for to recognise the cause would mean calling into question the rule of the bureaucracy.
[***] Before articulating this “necessity”, Benediktov first cites the Industrial Party trial - a case fabricated from start to finish - as an example: “It is sufficient to say that, as a result of the investigations into the so-called Industrial Party, which had clearly anti-Soviet aims, about two thousand people who had consciously and deliberately engaged in sabotage were uncovered.” (p. 42) The show trial known as the “Industrial Party Case” was held in Moscow between 25 November and 7 December 1930. Eight leading Soviet engineers and technologists - among them Leonid Ramzin, Director of the Thermotechnical Institute, Professor of Metallurgy N. F. Chernovskii, and V. A. Larichev of the State Planning Committee (Gosplan) - were accused of founding the entirely fictitious Prompartiya (“Industrial Party”), allegedly with the aim of sabotaging Soviet industry, restoring capitalism, and preparing an armed coup with the support of French imperialism and émigré capitalist circles. The defendants were forced to confess to crimes they had not committed. That Benediktov should cite this trial - now known to have been wholly fabricated - as evidence for his argument is especially significant, for it demonstrates how readily and willingly he resorts to the category of “political crime”.
To be continued