Enver Hoxha’s theatre of power
Gün Zileli's testimony
In
Havariler [The Apostles], one volume of his six-volume autobiography covering the years 1972-1983,
[1] Gün Zileli provides a detailed account of his participation in the 7th Congress of the Albanian Party of Labour (PPSH - Partia e Punës e Shqipërisë), held on 1-7 November 1976, as a representative of the Revolutionary Workers’ and Peasants’ Party of Turkey (TİİKP), along with his observations and comments on the Congress. In
Havariler, Zileli devotes a full 31 pages to his visit to Albania.
As Zileli begins his account of his journey to Albania, he notes that 1976 was the year in which Enver Hoxha's attacks on the “Three Worlds Theory”, on the Communist Party of China (CPC), and even directly on “Mao Zedong Thought” grew in intensity. “According to the reports we received, Enver Hoxha was going to crown this attack at the 7th Congress of the PPSH, which was soon to be convened. We were following with concern the direction the PPSH was taking."[2]
Although tensions between the PPSH and the CPC were rapidly escalating, the invitation of the TİİKP to the congress indicated that it had not yet severed ties with the PPSH. Zileli also states in his book that a member of the Central Committee of the TİİKP visited the PPSH at the beginning of 1976 and secured the PPSH’s official recognition of the TİİKP as a “sister party”.
On 10 March 2025, we published a blog post on the “one-act” power theatre that Mao staged for Che Guevara in 1960 to demonstrate the hierarchical nature of his country's relationship with China, which was extremely bizarre and utterly incompatible with Marxism.
This time, through excerpts from Zileli’s Havariler, we will present striking examples from another “three-act” power theatre, featuring another Stalinist dictator, Enver Hoxha, and staged not only to target another leader or “sister” parties but also adversaries, the privileged bureaucratic caste ruling the country, and the masses at large.[3]
(...) We were told that a grand "official reception" would be held, where Enver Hoxha would meet all the foreign party representatives.
(...)
The elevated platform at the centre of the hall, where Enver Hoxha received the delegations, was also specially illuminated from below. He stood alone on this raised stage -a tall, strikingly handsome man with silver hair. As I approached, I noticed a glow surrounding both him and his face, almost “divine” in appearance -perhaps due to the special lighting, or maybe even carefully applied makeup. The delegations, maintaining their strict hierarchical order, passed slowly before him, were introduced by their interpreters with the name of their party, and, after respectfully shaking his hand, exited through the other door to get into their cars.
We were taken to the congress building, which occupied a commanding position near Iskender Bey Square, where the 7th Congress of the PPSH was to be held. (…) A little later, the stage lights came on, revealing the scene: At the very centre of the stage stood a long table with seats reserved for the members of the party Politburo. Behind them, around sixty or seventy seats were arranged for the guest party representatives. Before long, the atmosphere grew livelier. The delegates first began singing party anthems in unison. Then, to the familiar chant of “Party-Enver”, the representatives of foreign parties took their places on stage, once again in strict hierarchical order. Finally, amid cheers and applause, the members of the Politburo arrived in single file and took their seats. (…)
Everyone had taken their seats except for Enver Hoxha. The atmosphere in the hall had reached its peak. The delegates rose to their feet, clapping and chanting “Party-Enver”, their eyes fixed on a single point -the door right next to the stage. While the rest of the hall remained slightly dim, a powerful spotlight was trained on this door, making it stand out. Any moment now, Enver Hoxha was expected to enter through it. We, the spectators, had also risen to our feet in excitement. Despite feeling distinctly uneasy about this theatrical display, I found myself clapping along with the others. (...)
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Congress delegates and guests cheering for Enver Hoxha |
Finally, at the peak of nearly fifteen minutes of clapping and chanting, Enver Hoxha entered through the door on which all eyes were fixed. A deafening ovation erupted in the hall, lasting for almost half an hour. (...) Eventually, the commotion subsided, and Enver Hoxha, as the party secretary, began reading the lengthy 7th Congress report. (...) On the brightly lit stage, the delegates and members of the Politburo stood up together, raised their arms, and held hands -probably to demonstrate that all party representatives were in complete agreement with Enver Hoxha. Enver Hoxha himself abandoned his speech and clasped hands with Mehmet Shehu on his right and a Politburo member on his left. All the party representatives, hand in hand, swayed back and forth, left and right, as if they were dancing a halay. It was an utterly comical sight. (...)
Even this grand display was not enough for Enver Hoxha. To further emphasise the "unity" within the party, he took Mehmet Shehu by the hand and led him to the front. This time, just the two of them, hand in hand, took one step forward and two steps back in a grand display of unity. Of course, at the time, I was unaware that a major power struggle was unfolding within the party between Enver Hoxha and Mehmet Shehu.[4]
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Group photo of Enver Hoxha and Politburo members on the occasion of the 7th Party Congress, taken in front of the building where the PPSH was founded. In the publication where the photo appears, the faces of the Politburo members who were purged in later years have been scratched out. |
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In the Enver Hoca - 70. Doğum Yıldönümü Albümü [Enver Hoxha - 70th Birth Anniversary Album] published by Halkın Yolu Yayınları in 1978, the faces of three Politburo members who had not yet been purged at the time are still visible.[5]
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The portrayal of Enver Hoxha as possessing a "divine" radiance, the deliberate effort to craft a “prophet-like” image around him; the atmosphere meticulously engineered in the congress hall through techniques such as strategic lighting and keeping delegates waiting, culminating in a theatrical spectacle at Enver Hoxha’s entrance; the masking of internal strife and conflicts through staged displays of unity, such as the hand-in-hand demonstrations... All of these are common tactics employed by authoritarian Stalinist regimes to cultivate a leader cult, manipulate the masses, and sustain their grip on power.
But these methods did not emerge in a vacuum. As Leon Trotsky explained in his Marxist masterpiece The Revolution Betrayed, in which he analysed how the Russian Revolution degenerated into bureaucratic totalitarianism, the “Cult of Personality” surrounding Stalin was not a cause but a consequence. It reflected the privileged Soviet bureaucracy’s need for a supreme leader who could personify and safeguard its interests after usurping power from the working class. Mao, Enver Hoxha, and others were “strongmen” who catered to the same need:
The increasingly insistent deification of Stalin is, with all its elements of caricature, a necessary element of the regime. The bureaucracy has need of an inviolable superarbiter, a first consul if not an emperor, and it raises upon its shoulders him who best responds to its claim for lordship. That “strength of character” of the leader which so enraptures the literary dilettantes of the West, is in reality the sum total of the collective pressure of a caste which will stop at nothing in defense of its position. Each one of them at his post is thinking: l’etat c’est moi. In Stalin each one easily finds himself. But Stalin also finds in each one a small part of his own spirit. Stalin is the personification of the bureaucracy. That is the substance of his political personality.[6]
Notes:
[1] Gün Zileli, Havariler (1972-1983), İletişim Yayınları, 7th edition, Istanbul, 2011.
[2] Ibid., p. 220.
[3] Zileli's testimony sheds light on the political, as well as to some extent the social and economic, atmosphere of Albania during the Cold War. We encourage interested readers to read the full text.
[4] Ibid., pp. 238-243.
[5] Enver Hoca - 70. Doğum Yıldönümü Albümü, Halkın Yolu Yayınları, 1st edition, Istanbul, 1978, p. 9.
[6] Leon Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed: What Is the Soviet Union and Where Is It Going?, Labor Publications, Detroit, 1991, pp. 236-237.